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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Animal husbandry, also called animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. It has been practiced for thousands of years [1], since the first domestication of animals.

The science of animal husbandry is taught in many universities and colleges around the world. Students of animal science may pursue degrees in veterinary medicine following graduation, or go on to pursue master's degrees or doctorates in disciplines such as nutrition, genetics and animal breeding, or reproductive physiology. Graduates of these programs may be found working in the veterinary and human pharmaceutical industries, the livestock and pet supply and feed industries, farming, ranching or in academia.

Historically, certain sub-professions within the field of animal husbandry are named specifically for the animals in their care.

Different types of Animal Husbandry

A swineherd is a person who cares for hogs and pigs (older English term: swine). A goatherd is one who cares for goats. A cowherd cares for cattle, and a shepherd ("sheepherd") tends sheep. In the past, it was common to have herds which were made up of sheep and goats; the tenders of such also are called shepherds. Camels are also cared for in herds. In Tibet, yaks are herded. In Latin America, llamas and alpacas are herded.

In more modern times, the cowboys of North America, charros of México, or vaqueros, gauchos, huasos of South America, and farmers or stockmen of Australia tend their herds from horseback, all-terrain vehicles, motorbikes, in four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles and helicopters, depending on the terrain and livestock concerned.

Today, herd managers often oversee thousands of animals and many staff. Farms, stations and ranches may employ breeders, herd health specialists, feeders, and milkers to help care for the animals. Techniques such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer are frequently used, not only as methods to guarantee that females are bred, but also to help improve herd genetics. This may be done by transplanting embryos from stud-quality females into flock-quality surrogate mothers - freeing up the stud-quality mother to be reimpregnated. This practice vastly increases the number of offspring which may be produced by a small selection of stud-quality parent animals. This in turn improves the ability of the animals to convert feed to meat, milk, or fiber more efficiently, and improve the quality of the final product, and to make it enjoyable.

Sekilas Info Sapi Pedaging

Sapi telah dianggap menjadi salah satu dari binatang pertama yang dipelihara oleh manusia untuk tujuan pertanian. Mereka menjinakkan sapi untuk diambil susu, daging dan kulit dan untuk tujuan tertentu. Kapan tepatnya waktu dan tempat pertama kalinya sapi dipelihara masih merupakan misteri, tetapi diperkirakan mereka mungkin pertama dipelihara di Eropa dan Asia sekitar 8.500 tahun yang lalu.

Ternak ini termasuk dalam keluarga Bovidae yang meliputi ruminates. Mereka termasuk dalam genus Bos dan Taurin subgenera yang mencakup dua spesies Taurus dan indicus.
Ternak ruminansia (seperti juga domba, kambing, rusa, dan jerapah), yang memberikan mereka sistem pencernaan yang unik yang memungkinkan makanan dikeluarkan lagi ke mulut dan dikunyah kembali yang disebut dengan memamah biak.

Mereka mampu berkembang baik dengan rumput dan tanaman lainnya yang berkualitas rendah yang didominasi oleh selulosa. Sapi memiliki satu perut yang memiliki empat kompartemen. Mereka menamai rumen, retikulum, omasum, dan abomasum. Rumen adalah yang terbesar dan kompartemen seperti tangki fermentasi, menyediakan lingkungan anaerobik, suhu dan pH konstan, dan terus-menerus pencampuran yang memungkinkan mikroba untuk memecah cellulolse. The endoplasma, yang dikenal sebagai "Honeycomb", adalah kompartemen yang terkecil. Omasum fungsi utama adalah untuk menyerap air dan nutrisi dan dikenal sebagai "Banyak Plies." Abomasum seperti perut manusia, inilah mengapa dikenal sebagai "Perut sejati."

Semua keturunan ternak Inggris dan Eropa seperti Angus, Hereford, Simmental dan Charolais termasuk spesies Tarus. Ternak berpunuk dari negara-negara tropis seperti Brahman dan Africander termasuk spesies indicus. Banyak keturunan kontemporer adalah hasil dari persimpangan dua atau lebih dari keturunan yang lebih tua. Sebagian besar berasal keturunan baru di Amerika Serikat dan dikembangkan di negara-negara Selatan di mana kekurangan bibit standar tahan terhadap panas dan serangga dan tidak berkembang pada rumput asli. Bovidae lain yang sangat erat hubungannya dapat saling kawin termasuk bison, kerbau, dan yak.

Populasi sapi di dunia diperkirakan sekitar 1,3 miliar, dengan sekitar 30 persen di Asia, 20 persen di Amerika Selatan, 15 persen di Afrika, 14 persen di Amerika Utara dan Amerika Tengah, dan 10 persen di Eropa. 10 negara bagian di AS dengan populasi ternak terbesar di Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, Kansas, Iowa, Kentucky, dan Florida

Breeds of Beef Cattle

Cattle are considered to have been one of the first animals domesticated by man for agricultural purposes. They were tamed to provide milk, meat and hides and for draft purposes. The exact time and place this happened is hidden in the mists of antiquity, but it is thought they were probably first domesticated in Europe and Asia about 8500 years ago.

Domesticated cattle are in the family Bovidae which includes ruminates with paired, hollow, unbranched horns that do not shed and an even number of toes. They belong to the genus Bos and the subgenera Taurine which includes the two species tarus and indicus.
Cattle are ruminants (as are sheep, goats, deer, and giraffes), which gives them a unique digestive system that allows the digestion of otherwise unuseable foods by regurgitating and rechewing them as cud. They thrive on grasses and other low quality plants built predominantly of cellulose. Cattle have one stomach that has four compartments. They are named the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen is the largest compartment and is like a fermentation tank, providing the anaerobic environment, constant temperature and pH, and constant mixing that allows microbes to break down the cellulolse. The reticulum, known as the "Honeycomb", is is the smallest compartment. The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients and is known as the "Many Plies." The abomasum is most like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the "True Stomach."
All breeds of British and European cattle like Angus, Hereford, Charolais and Simmental belong to the tarus species. The humped cattle of the tropical countries like Brahman and Africander belong to the indicus species. Many contemporary breeds are the result of crossing two or more of the older breeds. Most of the new breeds originating in the United States were developed in the Southern states where the standard breeds lacked resistance to heat and insects and did not thrive on the native grasses. Other Bovidae that are so closely related to true cattle that they can interbreed include the bison, buffalo, and yak.
Purebred cattle breeds have been selectively bred over a long period of time to possess a distinctive identity in color, size, conformation, and function and have the prepotency to pass these traits to their progeny.
The world cattle population is estimated to be about 1.3 billion head, with about 30 percent in Asia, 20 percent in South America, 15 percent in Africa, 14 percent in North and Central America, and 10 percent in Europe. The 10 states in the US with the largest cattle populations are Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, Kansas, Iowa, Kentucky, and Florida

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Different types of Animal Husbandry